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1. Bond-breaking mechanisms (continued)

1.2. Heterolytic rupture: occurs when the bonding electrons are held by one of two chemical species. As a result, one that retained the electrons have a net negative charge (anion call) while the other, the lack thereof, have a net positive charge (called a cation ).

heterolytic breaking Example 'carbocation. " Image taken from blog
cienciaslasalleenv.blogspot.com.
This image was made using the program ACD / ChemSketch 10.0

The organic species resulting CH3 +, has only six electrons aparadeados, and thus acquires a positive charge on the carbon atom, called ion carbonium or carbocation.
ions are carbocations containing positively charged carbon atom with six electrons in three links. Carbonium ions are usually represented as R +.
Secondly it is possible that the two bonding electrons leave the substituent group (Cl) and are held by an organic group (CH3), resulting in an organic species with 8 electrons, so the carbon atom acquires a charge negative and is called carbanion or R-

example heterolytic breaking 'carbanion'.

cienciaslasalleenv.blogspot.com Image taken from the blog.

This image was made using the program ACD / ChemSketch 10.0

The carbanions are negatively charged ions containing a carbon atom with three links and a shared pair of electrons. The species resulting from a heterolytic rupture are highly reactive, reacting quickly with other molecules. In general, such species are intermediates in reactions and are characterized by very short-lived, so it is not easy detect or isolate them by ordinary physicochemical methods.

In this address you will find a simulation of a heterolytic breakdown:


http://medicina.usac.edu.gt/quimica/hidrocar/alcanos/Rompimiento_Heterol_tico.htm

To apply and reflect:

• How important ions in the functioning of your body?
• You know what's an electrolyte, and how they relate to the ions?

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1. Bond-breaking mechanisms

If you look at any organic reaction shows that break bonds in the reactants and forming new bonds in products. The breaking of bonds can be symmetrical, also called asymmetric or homolytic and heterolytic. The first originates neutral species with unpaired electrons called free radicals and the second produces ionic species .

1.1. homolytic cleavage: in this case, each species maintains the electron initially supplied to form the link. each of species formed are called free radicals, which are very unstable particles, energy and electrically neutral. For this breakdown is necessary for the presence of ultraviolet light (hv) or heat.

example of homolytic breaking.

cienciaslasalleenv.blogspot.com Image taken from the blog.

This image was made using the program ACD / ChemSketch 10.0

find in this direction a simulation of a homolytic break:

http://medicina.usac.edu.gt/quimica/hidrocar/alcanos/Rompimiento_Homol_tico.htm

To apply and reflect:

• Does the presence of free radicals its effects on the formation of mutations in DNA?
• How do ultraviolet rays on your skin?